Category: About this site

The company of William and Thomas Avery of Birmingham is a household name in weighing machines and apparatus. The chance is that you will have seen one of their weighing machines on a farm – or even in the household kitchen.

While an English company, closely associated with Birmingham, it had a presence in Scotland and was one of the key makers and sellers of weighing machines. Its presence was already established in 1886 when a branch was established at 8 and 10 Stockwell Street, Glasgow, in 1886. A further one was set up at 38 Robertson Street, in the city, by 1889, where the premises was enlarged to embrace numbers 28, 38 and 40 by 1891. By 1895 the company had established a Scottish works, known as the Patrick Weighbridge Works.

Expansion continued, and by 1898 the company had a presence in the east of Scotland, at Edinburgh, where it had opened a shop at 23 Bread Street; by 1909 a further Edinburgh address was at Victoria Street. Further premises were opened: by 1904 there was one at 69 Back Sneddon Street, Paisley, and at 4 North Street, Aberdeen. By 1909 there was also one in Dundee at 42 Castle Street. A shop in Ayr was set up by 1911 in the Butter Market, at 90 High Street. In 1913 the company advertised that it had “branches in the principal towns throughout the Kingdom”. In the 1920s and 1930s they included Aberdeen, Alloa, Ayr, Coatbridge, Motherwell, Dunfermline, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Govan, Greenock, Inverness, Kirkcaldy, Paisley.

During its expansion, it brought over at least one existing Scottish weighing maker: A. Wood and Sons, by 1897. It continued to note that take over in its directory entries for the next couple of years. In 1885 Alexander Wood & Sons of Stockwell Street, Glasgow, had described the Glasgow Weighing Machine Manufactory as the oldest Glasgow house. As a key manufacturer of “every description of weighing apparatus”, it shared a range of activities with Avery; it was also a key competitor.

Avery manufactured and sold a wide range of weighing apparatus: in 1899 it described these as “all sizes of weighing apparatus for railways, collieries etc, shop and store outfitters for grocers, butchers, weigh bridges, etc” By 1899 it described itself as “manufacturers of every description of weighing apparatus for agricultural purposes, &c; special machines for weighing grain in bags, farmer’s cattle machines, patent automatic machines for auction marts &c”. By 1934 this was as “manufacturers of modern weighing apparatus, testing and counting machinery; weigh bridges up to 300 tons for every purpose; special self-indicating machines for modern industrial weighing; platform weighing machines, beams and scales in all sizes, visible weighing and price computing scales”.

The company had a wide range of trades and skills which it undertook. Before 1914 the included: agricultural implement manufacturer; agricultural implement maker and agent; barter; barrow and hod maker; beam and scale maker; butchers’ outfitter; colliery plant manufacturer; engineer; engineers’ furnisher; japanner; machinery maker and millwright; machinist; mill furnisher; millwright; patentee; railway plant merchant; scale and beam maker; scale and beam manufacturer; steelyard maker; shopfitter; testing machine maker; tinplate worker and merchant; weigh bridge manufacturer; weighing machine maker.

Keep an eye out for Avery weighing machines around the rally fields. While they have an English company behind them, they also have a strong tradition of manufacture and sale in Scotland.

There were a number of well known names of weighing machines and apparatus in Scotland and throughout Britain. One English maker that was well known in Scotland was Henry Pooley & Son of Albion Foundry, Liverpool.

The company was founded around 1790 to make scale beams, and continued in business into the second half of the twentieth century. It became the biggest manufacturer of weighing machines in its time. Their range and diversity was extensive. In 1877 the company described itself as “patentees and manufacturers of every description of weighing apparatus for railways, ironworks, collieries, etc. A few years later in 1870 this description was “patentees and manufacturers of every description of weighing apparatus for agricultural purposes &c”. By 1984 we clearly see the wide range of sectors which the company made weighing machines for: “every description of weighing apparatus for railways, iron works, engineers, collieries, mills, warehouses, farms &c”. In later years by 1913 it was a maker of “every description of weighing machines and scales”.

The range of trades carried out by the company was also significant. Between 1880 and 1914 the company variously undertook the following trades which included: agricultural implement maker and agent; agricultural implement manufacturer; beam and scale maker; colliery plant manufacturer; contractor; contractors’ plant maker; engineer; iron founder; machine maker and millwright; machinist; mechanical engineer; mill furnisher; millwright; railway plant contractor; railway plant merchant; scale beam maker; scale, beam and steelyard maker; scale and weight manufacturer; shoplifter; steelyard manufacturer; weigh bridge manufacturer; weighing machine maker.

The company was not only a key player in England, but also in Scotland and internationally, also acting as contractors to H.M. Government, British and foreign railways by 1905. In Scotland it had an extensive network of branches which allowed it to have a wide, and local presence, throughout the country. By 1875 the first of these was in Glasgow, at 113 West Nile Street, an address it remained at until 1879, when it moved to 41 Hope Street. By 1884 it had established a head office and works in Scotland, the Albion Works, at 69 and 71 McAlpine Street, Glasgow. The company also had other addresses in Glasgow: they included Paisley Road (1895), 25 South Kinning place (1903), and 21 Stockwell Street (1909).

Other towns quickly had a branch establishment of Pooley’s. By 1877 there were ones at Dunfermline, Fife and Aberdeen. In 1880 there were mechanics stationed in Edinburgh, Dunfermline and Dundee. There was a branch at Inverness in 1901 and at Perth in 1904.

The company maintained a strong presence in the agricultural community. It was a regular attender at the Highland Show from 1876 onwards. It was also a regular advertiser in the Scottish agricultural press from 1876. It also actively participated in the trials of the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. For example, in 1887 it was awarded £10 for its cart and cattle weighing machines, and in 1893 also won £10 in the Society’s weigh bridge competition. It also won awards for its exhibits at the Highland Show. In 1876 it won a silver medal for its patent three ton self-contained agricultural cart weighing machine, as well as a silver medal for its general collection.

There are still examples of the various weighing machines from the Albion Foundry to be seen around Scotland. One is located on the station platform on the Bo’ness and Kennel Railway. Go and have a look!

Stack pillars were an important feature of the stackyard in Scotland, and also formed an important part of Scottish implement making from at least the 1850s, with some large makers being well-renowned for them.

Stack pillars were made from a number of materials, depending on what was available locally. They could be carved from stone, or made at tileworks (which also manufactured troughs for byres and other products). In these cases, they would be linked together by a framework made of wood, or other materials.

Most frequently, the pillars and their associated framework were made of iron, by local foundries. Some of these foundries were important makers, also manufacturing a range of different designs of pillars and associated framework to meet the needs of farmers, and also regional differences in stack-making.

North-east Scotland, and especially Aberdeenshire, is famous for its plough makers. Well, there’s George Sellar, Huntly, Thomas Pirie, Kinmundy and Robert Mitchell, Peterhead. And there is also Alexander Newlands of Inverurie. You will probably know the latter as Newlands of Linlithgow.

Alexander Newlands was born in 1834. He spent his early years working for George Sellar & Son, Huntly, “with whom he has had great experience” in general country work – “plough and other Agricultural Implement Making, and Horse-Shoeing”. In June 1860 he took over the stock in trade of William Crichton, blacksmith, Port Elphinstone. But he did not stay in Port Elphinstone for long. By 1864 he had moved to Inverurie where he had set up shop at 43 High Street.

1868 was an important year for Alexander Newlands: it was the first one that he exhibited at the Highland Show which was being held in Aberdeen. He exhibited a two horse plough with steel mould and a ridging or drill plough, both of which he made himself.
Alexander was an ambitious and successful plough maker. He recognised that while there was a trade for his implements in the north-east, he could expand his business elsewhere. On 11 September 1880 he sold, by public sale, the property at 43 High Street. He took the ambitious step of moving to Linlithgow, the county town of West Lothian, to expand his business. In 1884 his son, also named Alexander, joined him in business, which became Alexander Newlands & Son, Provost Road, Linlithgow. The name of St Magdalene Engineering Works, is not recorded until around 1913.

From the 1880s onwards Alexander Newlands & Son specialised in the making of ploughs, grubbers and harrows. Later it ventured into horse rakes. In 1900 its manufactures included a two horse swing plough; medium drill plough with marker; baulking drill plough; combined drill and potato plough; one horse drill grubber; horse or drill hoe as a drill grubber; house or drill hoe as a ridging up plough; field grubber; diamond harrows; and drill scarifier.

The company was a progressive one. From 1884 when the young Alexander joined his father, it exhibited nearly every year at the Highland Show and advertised in the agricultural newspaper of the day, the North British Agriculturist. In later years advertising was also under taken in The Scottish Farmer.

Even after Alexander senior died in 1907 the company continued to be an innovative one. By 1914, it acted as an agent for McCormick and Bamford, and in 1919 was selling the Austin farm tractor. In the following year it became an incorporated company: Alexander Newlands & Sons Ltd. Two years later in 1922, it took the important step to participate in the famous exhibition of farm tractors and tractor implements arranged by the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. In that year it also won a silver medal for its self-lift brake harrow at the Highland Show at Dumfries. In 1934 it exhibited as a new implement a cultivator and ridging attachment for tractors.

It was its ploughs that Newlands continued to be closely associated. In the 1950s and 1960s they couldn’t be beaten in the ploughing matches in the Lothians. Newlands carried away the prizes. Even the followers of Ransomes turned to Newlands.

Alexander Newlands & Sons Limited continued in business until 9 September 1986 when the company was dissolved.
Next time someone asks you to list the famous plough makers of Aberdeenshire, remember to include Alexander Newlands. He had a reputation that went far beyond the boundaries of the county of his birth.

The photograph of the Newlands name plate on a three furrow Newlands plough were taken at Farming Yesteryear, September 2014.

Agricultural implements and machines provide the greatest steps in mechanisation of tasks. But the role of sundries is often overlooked. They too could play an important role in making a task easier or more difficult to undertake. Just think about the baskets used for gathering tatties at the tattle harvest.

Do you remember the wooden spale baskets or “skulls” as they were often called? They were a great shape to “scoop” the potatoes from the ground. But the trouble with them was that soil easily adhered to their bottoms. So along with a stone of tatties you also had an additional stone of earth stuck to the bottom of the basket. And pulling it or dragging it along your stent of ground became ever-more tiresome as the day wore on. It became heavy work.

Then came the wire basket. What a difference they made to the job! They were a revolution! A lightweight basket that you could also easily scoop your tattoos into and lift! And they didn’t have the soil sticking to the bottom of the basket. But if you got one with a loose wire and caught your fingers on it, you soon knew about it. These baskets could be easily mended: a job for the winter months.

Then the plastic basket reigned supreme. They came in all shapes and sizes. There were ones that were the same oval shape as the wire baskets. There were ones that were the same shape as your mother’s washing basket. Then there were the ones in-between. Some were larger than others. There were the ones that the kids could sit as they waited on the digger coming up the drill in and pretend that they were in their own spacecraft or other imaginative vehicle. Some were better than others: the best were the shallow oval ones that were the same shape as the wire baskets. They were the right size: not too large, not too heavy, and held about the right amount of tatties in them. The soil didn’t stick to their bottoms too easily. If it did, you got a wee stone and scraped it off. One of their advantages was that if one of the tractors ran over them they bounced back in shape: the wire baskets were simply flattened. They didn’t need to be mended. You just phoned up the stores for more baskets.

Elevators diggers were introduced into Britain from the United States in the 1930s. They had a number of advantages over the spinner differs: they did not scatter the potatoes as far and were thought to be more gentle than the spinner with its tines which threw the potatoes out of the drill.

However, even by the 1950s the spinner digger continue to dominate the market for implements and machines to harvest the potato crop. There was a limited number of successful Scottish makers of elevator diggers. In 1952 the most important was John Wallace & Sons Ltd, Glasgow, with its tractor mounted digger. In addition, Jack Olding & Co. Ltd, Herts, which was to open Scottish offices, had its “Angus” elector digger for tractors. Another English maker that was also to open Scottish branches, and sell elevator diggers was Johnsons (Engineering) Ltd, March, Cambridgeshire.

There were a number of key potato digger makers in Scotland. They included A. & W. Pollock, Mauchline, Alexander Jack & Sons, Machine, J.Bisset & Sons, Blairgowrie, and Alexander newlines & Sons, Linlithgow.

One of the oldest of them was Andrew Pollock, Mauchline
who started in business in 1867 (later A. & W. Pollock). By 1878 Andrew was making and exhibiting a number of potato digging machines, of varying strengths from heavy, medium and light machines. The medium digger had wrought iron wheels while the light oone had broad rimmed wrought iron wheels to suit moss land. The diggers had cast steel socks. By 1885 Andrew was manufacturing a patent potato digger with all the gearing covered in.

Many, if not all of us, will be aware of the “tattle holidays” a holiday given from school for a week or a fortnight during the month of October, at the time of the potato harvest, to enable school children to help at the potato harvest.

In some districts of Scotland children were an important source of labour for harvesting the crop. For farmers and other agriculturists it was important that they could draw on the services of the children. By the 1870s teachers and their school boards were not happy to see empty classrooms and schools as children went to the tatties instead of attending school; neither were the school inspectors or members of the school boards. And the Scotch Education Department – as it was known back then – considered this a serious problem. Potato harvesting became a “standing grievance” or even “an evil”. This was more especially so when school grants were paid on attendance: large numbers of children absent at the tatties did not help the school managers secure their grant for the year.
Teachers, school mangers and the Scotch Education Department looked for ways to deal with this “evil”. As schools were required to have a certain number of openings, the period of the summer holiday could be shortened and the corresponding period given in October to allow the children to assist with the tatties. So started the “tattie holidays” in some rural districts of Scotland.

It was up to individual school boards to decide whether they needed to grant a tattie holiday, and how long that holiday would be. The earliest ones varied from one to three weeks, with two weeks being widespread. Neighbouring parishes could have holidays of different lengths. One could have a holiday while a neighbouring parish did not.

Even where tattie holidays were a well-established feature of the rural calendar, they were not always given every year. When the dates and duration of the school summer holiday was considered there was, at times, lengthy discussion on whether a tattie holiday should be given. That discussion and decision led to friction between farmers, parents and children and the education authorities.

There were often headlines in the press noting dissatisfaction of the holidays being granted or refused. on 4 May 1933 the Dundee Courier carried the headline “Potato holiday ban removed”. It noted how “Angus County Council yesterday turned down a recommendation of the Education Committee that potato holidays be discontinued.” There were extensive protests, petitions submitted, and deputations heard. It was a subject that raised passions.

Tattie holidays were widely given during the time of the two world wars, where it was important that the increased potato acreage was safely gathered. After 1946 the attitude towards children picking or gathering tatties hardened. But by this time the tattie holiday was a well-established feature of life in many communities. So important was it in Perthshire that when the education authority tried to ban the holiday shortly after the end of the Second World War there were protests, and the authority had to back down and grant it. Some parts of Scotland, especially Perthshire, continued to grant potato holidays in following decades while others did not.
By the 1980s when the tattie crop was increasingly being harvested by complete harvesters, there was less need for tattle holidays to be given. But by that time educationalists started to consider that an autumn break for the children in October was a good thing: it broke up the long period from the end of the summer holidays until Christmas. They had held a long-standing view that children should have a long summer holiday and to enjoy the warmer weather, than have two weeks in the colder and darker month of October. So, the autumn holiday started across Scotland. Because of the strength of the custom of the tattie holidays – they had become an institutionalised custom by this time – they continued to be known as the tattie holidays, even though eventually children no longer came to undertake that work.

As well as being an institutional custom, these holidays were also a rite of passage for many children across Scotland. For many children it was their first wage and experience of paid work. The money formed an important part of the wages coming into households, paying for essential items such as boots and coats, or even Christmas. And of course, the boilings made an important contribution to the larder.

The photographs of the children at the potato harvest were taken at Blair Mains, Culross, in October 1990. The children were from Crossgates, Fife.

If you were a farmer or agriculturist interested in the early tractors available in Scotland during the First World War you would have been aware of the “Titan”, manufactured by the International Harvester Corporation, Chicago.

In America the Titan was first produced in 1915 for sale by Deering dealers, and continued to be produced until 1922, by which time 78,000 had been built. It was to be a very popular tractor in Britain with over 3,000 units imported between 1914 and 1922. It was a 20hp tractor, selling at £375.

If you were a farmer in Scotland interested in the latest innovations in 1916 you would have been interested in the tractor trials of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland held in early October that year. At that trial were the leading tractors from Britain and America.

One of these tractors was the “Mogul”, made by International Harvester Company of Great Britain. In the States its parent company, International Harvester Company had been formed in 1902 by the merger of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and Deering Harvester Company. Its Mogul series was produced in Chicago, and was sold by the McCormick dealer network. It had two tractors: the Mogul 8-16, manufactured between 1914 and 1917, and the Mogul 10-20, made between 1916-20. It was the first of these two that was exported to Britain, where around 500 came into the country mostly through Ministruy of Munitions orders for t he war.