Month: December 2022

By 1922 the Scottish agriculturist had a number of forms of power available to him or her: these included oil, gas, electric, steam and water power. While water power could be called the oldest, it still had its role. This was highlighted by an article in the Dundee Courier of 23 June 1923, which sets out new improvements made to the farm of Denmylne, Newburgh:

“Water power as asset in modern farming

In modern up-to-date farming it is essential that the equipment of both house and steading should be as nearly perfect as possible, and every proprietor and tenant should endeavour to introduce systems of electric lighting and instal suitable appliances for driving machinery. The use of water-power in both connections cannot be overestimated, yet it is amazing to find how much valuable power of this kind, easily available, is permitted to run to waste.

Quite recently Mrs Speedie, the proprietrix of Denmylne, Newburgh, in contemplating improvements on her property, found that by utilising the water running from the Loch of Lindores the efficiency of her threshing plant could be greatly enhanced and a more up-to-date, economical, serviceable, and brighter system of lighting for both the house and the steading introduced.

After consultation with the well-known firm of millwrights and engineers (Messrs Thos Morton & Co., Perth), Mrs Speedie installed a 14 by 4 feet over shot waterwheel, which is not only capable of driving a 48-inch finishing threshing-mill, but provides the power for supplying the whole establishment with a splendid system of electric lighting. Altogether, there are 70 lights throughout the farmhouse and steading. The driving power derived from the new system introduced is astonishing, for, apart from the driving of the mill, the dynamo generates electricity and charges accumulators. The simplicity of the plant and its reliability are amongst its best recommendations. The advantages it provides are apparent. In the matter of substituting for oil lamps an easier and cleaner method of lighting up the home, and steading, barn, stable, byre, loft, and courtyard-it effects a big economy in the management of a farm. Switches can be so arranged that every part of the buildings can be immediately illuminated with perfect safety.

Messrs Morton & Co. have established many water-power systems throughout Scotland, and where water is to be obtained at hand farmers are well advised to try the experiment.”

Quite an installation!

Lifting turnips has always been regarded as one of the labour-intensive tasks on the farm. Not surprisingly, there have been a number of attempts to try to make harvesting of the crop a lot easier, whether in topping or tailing the turnips or both.

By the mid 1870s when the price of agricultural labour was rapidly increasing and labour was no longer as readily available as in previous decades, there were a number of competitions to try to find and demonstrate a satisfactory turnip harvester. These were undertaken by national societies such as the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland and local and regional societies such as those in Banffshire.

Turnip lifting trials were widely reported in the newspaper press, both agricultural and non-agricultural. One trial that received significant coverage was held in Banffshire, under the auspices of the United Banffshire Agricultural Society. It sets out the background to the event as well as the different machines available and their working mechanisms. Interestingly, most of the makers were local to the north east, the exception being Hunter of Maybole, located in another area where there were significant acreages of turnips grown.

The following account, published in the Aberdeen press and journal on 6 December 1877 provides much detail on the trial and the machines:

“A competition in a branch of agricultural machinery which is at present attracting much attention took place on Tuesday on the farm of Rettie, near Banff. Turnip lifting has always been – mainly in consequence, perhaps, of the inclement season at which it has to be performed – a laborious and painful task. Strange to say, the work is almost invariably done by females, who it might be expected would be unable to withstand the cold and its accompaniments, and who at least suffer exceedingly in the performance of the duty. Since the passing of the Education Act lads cannot be obtained, and the wages of men are too high to admit of their being put to such work. Undoubtedly, therefore, the question of providing a machine which should perform the work of topping and tailing the roots in such a manner that it might fairly be considered a substitute for hand lifting is one of considerable interest to turnip growers. Inventors have always found it a work of comparative ease to produce an implement which would, on an average, top every alternate turnip. And which, when it did not slice the roots in halves, might be relied on to tail them. But machines of this description are practically useless. In nearly all machines the mechanism for tailing the turnips is constructed on the same principle, and consists of a horizontal “coulter”, which travels along under the surface of the drill, and, having a sharp edge in front, deprives the turnips of their roots. To apply a principle by which the work of topping can be performed seems, however, to have exercised the ingenuity of implement makers pretty widely. Of the machines entered on Tuesday for competition no two could be said to be alike in this respect. In one. Case, the “shaws’ were cut by knives in a manner almost similar to that of corn reapers; in another, a shaft was suspended over the drill, in the end of which three knives were fixed horizontally, and resolved with the shaft; another machine had a saw attached on each side, and ranging backwards and outwards so as to lop off each of the tops of one drill. In another case, the top of the turnip was forced between two knives, and in the last case a single knife, placed horizontally, executed the work. It will thus be seen that opinions differ widely as to the manner in which the operation should be performed, and from this it may well be supposed the composition attracted a good deal of interest.

The match was held under the auspices of the United Banffshire Agricultural Society, and three prizes were offered of £3, £2 and £1 each. Horses were provided for the purpose of draught, and on the farm of Rettie two fields-one of yellows and the other of Swedes-had been set at the disposal of the society. The following five makers entered and competed in the order in which they are given:-Thos Hunter, Maybole (double); Francis Murieston, blacksmith, Itlaw, Alvah (single); James McDonald, Black Jug, Portsoy (single); P. & T. Thomson, Corrinzion, Perth (Single); and D. Munro & Son, Forres (double).

The implements were started to work amongst the yellows, which, though very good comparatively speaking, were yet very thin and uneven. Here Munro’s machine was unfortunately incapacitated for work by the breaking of the lever, by which the tailing coulters were set into the ground. This occurred at the commencement of the trial of the implement, and as the fracture could not be repaired in time to take part in this portion of the competition, the machine was disqualified. The trial in this field having been completed, a move was made to the Swedes, were the four competing machines were started simultaneously. Several drills were operated upon, and a minute and careful inspection was made by the judges-Messrs James Runcieman, Castleton; Paterson, Auldton; and Ogilvie. Tillynaught. Their decision was given by Mr Runcieman, who said-we have no hesitation at all in saying that the first prize has been gained by Mr Francis Murieson, the second by Mr James McDonald, and the third by the Messrs Thomson. The last machine, that of Messrs Munro, did not compete in the yellows, and was consequently not in the field. We also wish to say that we were greatly pleased with the work of numbers one and two, which was all that we need expect from such machines, and the judges were a little surprised at the commencement of the work when they saw the performances of the others. I do not know that I should say more. We had to consider as to whether we were bound to award prizes at all, because a good many of the turnips were so badly cut as to be useless for storing, and this is fatal to the success of the machine. We were rather of opinion that unless we were actually bound to award the prizes we ought to withhold them altogether. The machines, however, may be good. They have come some of them far distances, and may work better under more favourable circumstances. We, however, have just to take them as we get them.

Mr Morrison, Loanhead-I think the decision of the judges is generally approved by the onlookers (Applause).

Mr Murieson’s machines is certainly a model of simplicity. It is, to begin with, of very light draught, can easily be managed by one horse, and takes one drill at a time. The topping apparatus seems to be almost complete in its arrangement. Between the front wheels two “skips” of wire (similar to the guides usually fixed on the extremity of the guards of corn reapers to part the corn for the knives) are suspended. They are placed close beside each other, the space between them being only sufficient to allow the top of a turnip to pass. Two blades are fixed between the “skips” in scissor fashion, so that anything which gets between the skips is cut on passing back. The skips are so joined together that they may be called double, and the mode of working is this-whenever the point of the double skip (which is turned up snow shoe fashion) strikes a turnip it lifts up and passes over the object. The shaws, however, are caught between the skips, and travel back to the knives. These latter are so placed that when the root reaches them the knives lop off the tops and do not touch the turnip itself. The shaws are then run off to one side by a slanting board, and the tailing is performed by a horizontal; “coulter”. The Portsoy machine is constructed on a principle somewhat similar. The tops are caught between projecting wirework, and in passing back are cut by a horizontal knife, while a coulter tails the roots and shoves them off to the right side. This machine costs about eight guineas, as also does Mr Murieson’s. The third prize machine is of rather heavier draught than the other two. For topping the turnips two shafts are suspended over the drills (of which two are lifted each round). In the end of each shaft three knives are attached horizontally, and revolve along with the shaft. A coulter tails the roots, which are then caught by a wheel in potato digger fashion and flung out to the right side of the drills. This machine took the first prize at a competition held under the auspices of the Highland and Agricultural Society at Inverurie last year, and cost 19 guineas. Of the other machines Mr Hunter’s tops the roots by means of saws, and that of the Messrs Munro performs this work in corn reaper fashion.

After the competition the judges and a few friends dined at the house of Mr Longmore, Rettie, and a pleasant evening was spent.

The day was dry and otherwise favourable, and a good many influential farmers and others watched the competition very closely. The ground in both fields was very stiff, and added considerably to the draught of the machines.”

There had been an agricultural implement and machine maker at Gighty Burn, Kinnell, Friockheim, Angus, since at least the early 1880s. At that time George & John Fitchett were implement makers, smiths and smiths and farriers, making a new improved broadcast sowing machine. They became well-known for their barn machinery, and installation of that machinery. This included barn machinery. In 1891, it installed at Pitreuchie a system of pulping turnips, cutting hay and straw, and bruising corn or feeding purposes. In 1899 a threshing mill and Campbell oil engine at Wemyss, Forfar, in 1899.

By 1923, the business was described as “a well-established connection in agricultural circles all over Forfarshire and beyond it, and has been carried on by the present proprietor for over 40 years.” It comprised a millwright and blacksmith business, including workshops, smithy, 2 dwelling-houses, with 7 acres of arable land and outhouses. Its plant was described to be “in excellent condition, driven by water and engine power, and lit by electric light, and the premises are commodious and recently renewed”.

The business was put up for sale in April 1923 as a result of the “continued ill-health of the proprietor”. The proprietor, John Fitchet, died in April. Obituaries provide information on the business and its reputation:

“Kinnell (Arbroath guide, 28 April 1923)

Death of Mr J. Fitchet, Gighty Burn

The death occurred on Thursday at Gighty Burn of Mr John Fitchet, agricultural engineer, who was well known to agriculturists throughout the country. The deceased, who was 67 years of age, had been in indifferent health during the past six months. Mr Fitchet was a son of the late Mr Alexander Fitchet, who for the long period of thirty years was huntsman to the late Squire Hay at Letham Grange. Two brothers, George (who died 21 years ago) and John, served an apprenticeship with the late Mr Finlayson, millwright, Gighty Burn. They were then for some time employed at Hartlepool, and when Mr Finlayson retired 45 years ago they acquired the business, which was considerably extended under their management. Messrs Fitchet specialised in the erection of threshing mills, and their workmanship soon gained for them the confidence of farmers throughout and beyond the county. Mr John Fitchet was a familiar figure at the weekly markets, and his genial, kindly presence will be missed by his numerous business friends. Mr Fitchet is survived by a widow, a son, and two daughters.”

(Forfar herald, 4 May 1923)

“The death has occurred at Hatton Mill, near Arbroath, of Mr John F. Fitchett, millwright, who was well known in agricultural circles throughout Forfarshire.

Mr Fitchet, who was 67 years of age, was sole partner of the firm of Messrs G. & J. Fitchet, millwrights and engineers, Gighty Burn. He had been in business for forty years, and many of the threshing mills on farms in the county bear the name of the firm.”

The business was taken over by another millright, Mr John Dargie, son of the late Wm Dargie, Brechin. He placed an advert in the Dundee courier of 4 August 1923 announcing his purchase of the business:

“Notice

Mr John Dargie, son of the late Wm Dargie, millwright and ironfounder, Brechin, begs to intimate that he has taken over the business of millwrights, blacksmiths, implement makers, and joiners, so long carried on by the late G. & J. Fitchet at Gighty Burn, by Arbroath. The business will be carried on under the firm name of G. & J. Fitchet, and by careful and strict attention. Best materials and workmanship, it is hoped to earn a continuation of the support and confidence so generously extended to this firm in the past.”

Significant changes were made to the business in the next few months, as was announced in the Arbroath guide of 11 August 1923:

“Wm Fitchet, millwright (previously at Gighty Burn), begs to announce his change of address, and also to intimate that he is in a position to overhaul thrashing machinery. By giving strict personal attention to all repairs, he hopes to merit a share of public patronage-Wardmill Foundry, Arbroath, August 6th 1923.”

The business exhibited at the Highland Show of 1924. The Dundee courier noted that the business was a “well-known” one: “the firm have specialised in threshing machinery, and their exhibits include a threshing and dressing mill priced at £190.”

Directories continue to record the business in operation until at least 1928.

The photos were taken at the Aberdeenshire farming museum.

The end of the year is usually marked by reports that look back on a year and prospects for the next year. In the early 1920s Aberdeen newspapers published reports on the state of the trade in the city and in surrounding areas. These included reference to agricultural engineering activities by key players such as the Bon Accord Engineering Company and C. F. Wilson & Co. As the articles make out the year 1921 was a very difficult one, especially for overseas business and poor economic prospects. 1922 was a bit better, though prices for agricultural implements and machines had fallen significantly.

The articles from the Aberdeen newspapers are quoted at length:

Aberdeen and the north trade reports for 1921

(from Aberdeen and Free Press and Journal, 2 January 1922)

C. F. Wilson and Co., Links Engineering Works, reports that in the early part of the year they had orders from abroad for their oil engines, which would have kept them going for a long period. During the early summer months these foreign orders were suddenly cancelled. The business of this firm, we understand, is largely a foreign one, and at that period they were up against international competition, the conditions being such that they were not able to sell their goods in the countries to which they formerly exported, the foreign exchanges being also very greatly against them. This is still prevailing, and although the firm are receiving a pretty uniform flow of inquiries, business does not result through the adverse circumstances mentioned.

Several countries in the Near East, with which they had a considerable business in pre-war times, have not yet been able to come into the market as purchasers of oil engines. The future, although by no means bright, is beginning to show indications of improvement.

Bon Accord Engineering Company

During the early part of the year business in the Bon Accord Engineering Company’s general and agricultural engineering trade was very brisk, but from then up to the present time business has been gradually declining, and at the present moment is very bad, with poor prospects for the immediate future. Their experience is that there appears to be any number of inquiries, but buyers are holding off waiting for lower prices, as people will not buy on a falling market until they are sure that the bottom prices have been reached, as even with the reduction in costs which have so far taken place, prices of the manufactured goods are still too high.

In their foreign trade, in which they used to do a very large business prior to the war, they were finding the same conditions ruling-namely, that prices, coupled with the adverse rate of exchange in most of the countries, make the cost prohibitive from the buyer’s point of view.

The reports received from these countries are that they would like to buy British-made goods, and are willing to give a preference so far as price is concerned, but that they cannot afford to pay the big prices now being asked. This is all the more disappointing, as in many cases the goods are still being supplied from Germany at much lower prices. It is found that in some cases, with the prices being so high that in some of these countries they are starting to make these goods themselves, which means that once they begin to do so, they will never come to this country for them. With costs of production down considerably there would be plenty of business to be got, but until that time prospective customers will lie off.

Engineering dull (Aberdeen press and journal, 3 January 1923)

Transit costs a handicap in contracts

The engineering trade has had its full share of the general depression, but there is a feeling that the prospects at this time are very much better than was the case a year ago. That is not to say that they are particularly bright, but there is a more optimistic atmosphere. Keen competition is apparent and the trade is hopeful that with reduced prices the confidence of buyers will be restored and long before the end of 1923 there will be an improvement in trade conditions generally. Locally the industry is considerably retarded so far as south contracts are concerned by the cost of transit, which would require to be considerably modified to meet the handicap of distance.

Agricultural engineering

Business in the agricultural engineering trade during 1922 has been wonderfully good and certainly better than it was last year. Further prospects are distinctly more hopeful than they were a year ago. In the trade there is an impression that business is in a much better position locally than generally throughout the country, and that farmers in the North of Scotland are in a much better position than those in England. Prices of all agricultural implements are lower by 30 to 40 per cent than they were twelve months ago, and the opinion is expressed that there is little chance of much further reduction in the coming year.

Messrs Barclay, Ross, and Hutchison, Ltd, engineers, millwrights, and implement makers, report that business has been fairly satisfactory. They have considerably more work in hand than they had at the end of 1921, and the prospect of getting further orders is much brighter.

Quite a contrast between the two years!

One of the well-known Ford dealers in the east of Scotland was A. T. Mungall Ltd. In 1958 it celebrated its silver jubilee as a Ford dealer. The following celebratory article appeared in the Kirriemuir free press on 23 October 1958 which tells of the company’s history and association with Ford:

“Forfar firm’s distinction

Twenty-five years as Ford dealers

A. T. Mungall Ltd, the well-known Forfar firm, are this month celebrating their silver jubilee connection with the Ford Motor Company. They became Ford dealers in 1933.

Messrs Andrew and Robert Mungall acquired the old North Road Garage in February, 1932, having previously been with David Callander Ltd, Roberts Street.

They started off with one employee, and now they have forty-five.

The cheapest Ford car, when they took on the representation, was selling at £100, but that was before purchase tax and the Second World War.

Within a couple of years, Mr James Mungall joined his brothers in the business which had been built up substantially before the war broke out, including a three-fold increase in accommodation.

During the war, when agriculture became all-important, the firm was appointed the Department of Agriculture’s engineers for this area. This involved supervision and maintenance of the Department’s fleet of 30 to 40 tractors and associated implements, which during those difficult years, brought many neglected acres back into cultivation.

Following the war, they built separate premises in Lochside Road for their tractor and implement business.

A sore blow to the firm and to his innumerable friends was the sudden death of Mr Andrew Mungall in 1955.

Washing accommodation and equipment on a production scale was added in 1957-58, and has proved very successful, and a new petrol station is meantime in the course of construction at Queenswell Road and Craig-o-Loch Road. The equipment and parts stock for cars, commercial vehicles and tractors is first-class and leaves nothing to be desired.

Mr Robert Mungall has gone to London this week, and will meet Mr Henry Ford II, the grandson of the famous pioneer and founder, at a cocktail party for Ford dealers.”

The photos were taken at the Deeside Vintage Rally, August 2022.

During the Second World War there continued to be farm displenishing sales. A number of these sales were held in Dumfries and Galloway. These provide insights into the activities being undertaken on the farms as well as the types of implements and machines that were being used.

These adverts note the wide range of implements and machines, and the high use of mechanisation to undertake a wide range of tasks from ploughing through to crop processing. For animal husbandry, they note in particular the use of feeding troughs, food coolers, poultry appliances and sheds (the “poultry houses” and “iron loose boxes”), railway milk cans, and refrigerators.

The names of key makers are noted, also demoting the stature and reputation of some of the implements and machines. There are a number of Scottish makers including Wallace of Glasgow, Pollock of Mauchline, Sellar of Huntly, Hunter of Maybole, Bisset of Blairgowrie, Harkness of Annan, Begg of Dalry, but there are even larger numbers of English and North American makers. The latter include Oliver, Cockshutt, McCormick, Deering, Massey-Harris and Wood.

The use of motive power varies, with the use of hand power, oil engines, horse power, and tractors. Barrasgate had invested in a Massey-Harris row crop tractor which was accompanied by implements to accompany it: a tractor plough, binder and a reaper.

North Carse, Kirkbean (Mr J. Robson) (Dumfries and Galloway standard, 13 May 1942)

Implements – 3 farm carts, 2 hay bogies, binder (Albion), reaper (Wallace), reaper (Bamford), swath turner (Bamford), horse fork, horse rake, hay collector, dibbler (Deering), iron roller, spring tooth cultivator, 2-sets iron harrows, saddle back harrows, Parmiter harrows, drill harrows, grubbers, turnip drill, Hunter hoe, turnip cutter, potato digger, potato sporter, plough (Sellar), plough (Oliver 110A), swing plough, double furrow Cockshutt plough, drill plough, cake breaker, hay barrow, fanners, weighing machine and weights, manure distributor (McCormick), 18 sheep troughs, 2 barrows (rubber tyres), 22 sleepers, 45 iron hurdles, corn chest, 3 sets cart and plough harness, 4 cattle feeding troughs, 2 coolers, 2 stack sheets, 18 ft by 15 ft, 1 stack sheet, 30 ft by 14 ft, grindstone.

Usual barn, byre, and stable utensils.

Dairy utensils including Lister separator, 24 10 gallon milk cans.

Poultry appliances, including 6 poultry houses, Gloucester incubator, 150 egg size, fitted with self-turning tray.

Wood and corrugated iron shed, 25ft by 16 ft, wood and corrugated iron shed, 10 ft by 8ft, 4 wood and corrugated iron loose boxes.

Wooden garage.

Greenhouse, 35 ft by 12 ft, garden frame. Bee boxes and bee appliances.

Barrasgate, parish of Cummertrees (Dumfries and Galloway standard, 13 May 1942)

Implements- Massey-Harris tractor (row crop), with iron and rubber wheels and tool bar attachment, 2 tractor trailers, 1 tractor plough, three-furrow (Massey-Harris), 1 tractor hay sweep, 4 farm carts (fully mounted), 1 binder (Massey-Harris), 1 reaper (Massey-Harris) (almost new), 1 reaper (Bamford), hay rake (Blackstone) (almost new), hay rake (Nicholson), potato digger, double furrow plough (Roberts), 2 Harkness ploughs, 1 Oliver 110A plough, 1 drill plough (Ransome), 1 drill plough, 5 sets diamond harrows (3 and 4 leaf), manure sower (Bamfords), corn drill (Massey-Harris), broadcast sower, iron roller (Wallace), horse fork, potato planter (Bisset), spring tooth cultivator, 3-drill harrow (Harkness), 1 drill harrow (Harkness), Hunter hoe, 3 drill grubber, saddle harrows, Ceresan mixer, chaff cutter, cake breaker (hand or power), 1 1/2hp Lister engine, “Amanco” engine, turnip cutter, turnip drill, weighing machine and weights, meat cooler, turnip barrow (runner wheels), hay barrow (rubber wheels), 2 dung barrows (rub wheels), 3 and 4 horse trees, swingletrees, ladders, sheep troughs, fireclay troughs, potato riddle (Cooch), quantity of Massey Harris plough irons, sheep nets, 100 stack props, 300 stobs, oil cabinets, scythes, forks, hoes, rakes, tools, vacuum clipper for milking machine, horse clipper, pig feeder 70 railway sleepers (good), barn, byre, and stable utensils, circular saw, quantity of scrap metal, usual dairy equipment, 24 milk cans (10 gallon, good as new), double-barrelled gun, 2 joiners’ benches, plough and cart harness.

Also, riding, saddle and bridle, pony bridle.

Craigdarroch, Sanquhar (Messrs M. G. & J. Hamilton) (Dumfries and Galloway standard, 13 May 1942)

Implements- cart and harness, box cart and sheep sides, coup cart with R. T. wheels, hay cart, hay cart frame, rick lifter (R. T.), set iron harrows, chain harrows, set grass seed harrows, two horse grubber, iron land roller, Wood’s mower, swath turner, collector, hay and corn bosses and props, cake breaker, 12 sheep corn boxes, 6 sheep nets, stobs, 12 sheep stools, wheelbarrow, 50-gallon paraffin oil tank, 50 empty bags, 3-scythes, odd hand tools, 10-gallon “Champion” churn, etc.

Blackpark, Crocketford (Mr T. Little) (Dumfries and Galloway standard, 13 May 1942)

Implements-2 farm carts (Jack), 1 farm cart, longbodied cart, binder (Wallace), reaper (Wallace), 2 bogies (Pollock), hay rake (Bamford), swath turner (Dickie), hay tedder (Barford), 2 hay sweeps, hay barrow, manure distributor (Bamford), broadcast sowing machine (Turnbull), 2 galvanised cattle troughs, iron roller, granite roller, D. M. plough, potato plough, 2 Sellar ploughs, Begg swing plough, 3 horse grubber, 2 sets iron harrows, saddleback harrows, drill hoe (Wallace), 3 drill grubbers, 2 scuffle harrows, spring tooth harrow, turnip drill, 3 turnip cutters, Parmiter harrows, chain harrows, weighing machine and weights, 40 turnip and sheep troughs, nets and stobs, straw cutter (hand), sheep heck, 4 henhouses, 3 sets of cart and plough harness, usual barn, byre and stable utensils.

Barn fanners (by Corbett), also Butter worker and picking tub, mangle etc.

Also a number of sheep and cattle and implements from neighbours.

Moss-side, Dunscore (Dumfries and Galloway standard, 13 May 1942)

Implements-4 farm carts, binder (Massey-Harris), reaper (Hornsby), swath turner (Martin), 2 hay rakes, 2 hay bogies, hay sweep, potato sorter (Cooch), potato digger, cultivator (Martin), three-horse grubber, drill grubber, drill harrow, 2 sets iron harrows, saddle-back harrows, Harkness plough, Begg bar point plough, swing plough, Oliver 110A plough, double furrow horse Cockshutt plough, broadcast sowing machine, box for broadcast sowing machine, fanners, manure distributor, turnip frill, 2 turnip cutters, sheep net and stakes, sheep troughs, hay barrow, 2 henhouses, barrow (new).

Usual barn, byre, and stable utensils.

Dairy utensils including 14 ten and twelve-gallon railway milk cans, refrigerator, etc etc. 4 sets cart and plough harness. 1 set of ploughing match harness (extra good). Oil stove, Singer sewing machine.